<p>The Cedar Rapids City Hall and Library, in Cedar Rapids in Boone County, Nebraska, was built in 1913. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>It is a multi-function municipal hall featuring Italian Renaissance Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The building has a flat roof and parapets. It also was a fire station, with a wide garage door on the west side of the main facade. The area was converted in 1974 to office space. There was also a garage door at the rear of the building providing access to storage.</p><br>
<p>The Albion United States Post Office, also known as USA Post Office-Albion in Albion in Boone County, Nebraska, was built in 1939. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>This is one of 12 Nebraska post offices featuring a Section of Fine Arts mural, "Nebraska in Winter" (1939) by Jenne Magafan.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story brick building with simple Colonial Revival details.</p><br>
<p>The Bingham Company Warehouse is a historic warehouse located in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. It was designed by the noted local firm of Walker and Weeks for the W. Bingham Company, and is one of the architectural firms few utilitarian commercial buildings. For many years, W. Bingham Co. was the Midwests largest hardware manufacturer and wholesaler. The W. Bingham Co. went out of business in 1961, and the warehouse was sold to a succession of owners of the years. The warehouse was sold to private investors in 2001, who converted it into apartments, known today as The Bingham.</p><br>
<h2>About the building</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Cleveland entrepreneurs William Bingham and Henry C. Blossom purchased the Clark & Murfey hardware store in 1841, and incorporated it as the W. Bingham Co. in 1888.</p><br>
<p>In April 1913, the W. Bingham Co. announced it would construct a new building in the city&#39;s Warehouse District as its new headquarters. Intended to be the largest warehouse in Cleveland,</p><br>
<p>At the time of the announcement, the company had already completed the purchase of the land had finished preliminary designs for the building. The architects drew heavily on Knox & Elliotts 1905 Rockefeller Building as well as their own 1912 Renkert Building for inspiration, The warehouse, which was anticipated to be of steel and concrete construction, was designed to have a spur from the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (the "Big Four") run into its basement. The architects hoped to have as many as 17 truck loading docks on the buildings northwest side, with a truck parking garage in one of the three basements. Another basement would be used for the storage of the heaviest goods. Elevators were intended to be located in the center of the building, so they could be reached quickly and efficiently by all points on each floor.</p><br>
<p>By June 1914, work on the architectural plans had advanced to the point where W. Bingham Co. was ready to place an order for up to 2,500 ST of structural steel and rebar. But city officials had extensive concerns about the architectural design, and extensive (if unreported) changes to the plans were under way in July 1914. At the end of July, W. Bingham Co. awarded the contract for the general contractor&#39;s job to the Cleveland construction firm Crowell-Lundoff-Little. Although the design controversy continued, the McClintic-Marshall Corp. received the contract for 1,500 ST of shaped steel in early August 1914, the Ayer & Lord Tie Co. of Chicago won the contract for 9,400 sqyd of flooring and Carnegie Steel received the contract for 2,100 ST of rebar in reinforcing bars in late August.</p><br>
<p>Final approval of the architectural plans must have been close by the beginning of August 1914, because excavation at the site began. Plans now showed 10 above-ground floors (each of reinforced concrete) and three basement levels. At a total estimated cost of land and construction at $1 million ($ in dollars), it was reportedly the largest warehouse in the United States. The Fred R. Jones Company did the excavation work. The work was extremely difficult. The excavation site was 150 by, a large existing building abutted the southwest side of the site, and there was a very steep 25 ft change in grade from the northeast to southwest. A steam shovel was used to remove the 70,000 cubic yards of earth, and steel sheet pilings were rammed into the soil to prevent cave-ins along the sides. These pilings were left in place to support the combined slab and pier foundation and freestanding retaining wall. Both the Big Four and the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (the "Nickel Plate") ran a joint spur onto the site, then hauled the earth several miles to Kingsbury Run (where it was used as landfill). Excavation was complete in mid-October.</p><br>
<p>The city issued a permit for construction of the foundation about the time the excavation was complete. Soil tests revealed a hard bluish clay about 50 to 60 ft below the surface, and the piers rested on this clay. Cantilevered retaining walls with buttresses were built to hold back the surrounding earth, and two-way reinforced spread footings poured to support the walls. The William Edwards Co. building on the southwest side of the new warehouse left insufficient space for regular footings and a buttressed retaining wall to be used. Instead, 14 in Lackawanna sheet pilings were used to reinforce the wall, and two separate footings were built. As construction of the foundation proceeded, numerous pockets of quicksand were found in the soil. Further investigation revealed that pockets of quicksand lay beneath almost all the footings on the building&#39;s northeast side. A test pit was dug, and soil engineers discovered a solid clay further down. Light sheet pilings were used to create caissons. These were excavated, and the footings carried down to the firm clay.</p><br>
<p>The city issued a building permit in late February or early March 1915. Work on the basement floors and walls proceeded very slowly. Enormous coal and ash bins and long steel rails for the moving of heavy items were designed to hang from ceiling beams in these areas. This required the use of shaped steel pieces which had to be perfectly joined, and the pouring of concrete around them. Once the basements were complete, the rest of the building rose very swiftly. Upper floors were poured at a rate of three floors a day, and the exterior brick walls rose at the rate of one floor every two days.</p><br>
<p>The W. Bingham Co. warehouse opened for business in February or March 1916.</p><br>
<h2>About the building</h2><br>
<p>The W. Bingham Co. warehouse building cost $600,000 ($ in dollars). The slightly L-shaped building was 99 ft wide on W. 9th Street and 198.5 ft wide on W. 10th Street and had a total length of 435 ft (455 ft between the basement walls). On W. 9th Street, eight floors were visible and the building height was 101 ft. On W. 10th Street, 11 floors were visible and the building height was 148 ft. Each floor had 57,000 ft&sup2; of space, for a total building interior space of 683,892 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>As viewed from W. 9th Street, the building had three basements. The rear (or southwest) wall of the third basement was actually a heavily reinforced slab and pier retaining wall 28 ft high, giving the third basement a ceiling 25 ft high. The third basement extended about 50 ft under W. 9th Street, while the second and first basements only extended about 20 ft under the street. There were originally only two large shipping doors, each roughly 37 ft wide and 21 ft high, in the rear wall of the third basement. To accommodate the doors, two exterior columns had to be omitted. In their place are two massive girders, each 41 ft long and resting on a single massive pier between the doors. A railroad spur ran under the buildings ell (along the line of the old Mandrake Avenue), and there were 24 truck loading docks on the structures northwest side.</p><br>
<p>The superstructure of the building featured unusually heavy columns and floor slabs designed to permit 500 psf on the floors of the first and second basement and the first and second floor, and 300 psf on floors three and higher. In order to accommodate the weight of the boiler, coal bin, ash bin, and associated equipment at the rear of the second basement, a portion of this floor was designed to withstand 700 psf. The octagonal, steel core-and-concrete columns in this area were 59 ft tall, extending from the foundation up to the second floor. Four of the exterior wall columns as well as all interior columns in the three basements and first floor were also steel core-and-concrete, to support the stresses on the structure below-ground. Above the second floor, all columns were reinforced concrete. The bases of all the columns consisted of cast iron-and-two-way reinforced concrete. All column caps were reinforced with shelf angles attached to the flanges and core reinforcement plates, and all columns were topped with octagonal plates reinforced with stiffeners. Above the second floor, all column tops were flared to help support the floor slab above. Due to complications created by the William Edwards building next to it, there were fewer exterior and interior columns in the structure&#39;s southwest corner. Instead, 7 ft cantilevers supported the exterior walls above the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The floors of the basements and upper floors were poured in 20.5 ft&sup2; slabs. These slabs were 11 in thick in the basements and on the first floor, and 9.5 in thick on all other floors. The roof was a 7.5 in slab. Spandrel beams were not used in the flooring system. The exception was on the fourth floor: With offices to be located on the third floor, the architects wanted to do away with column caps in order to provide space for lighting fixtures and to avoid light-scattering. Spandrels in the fourth floor were needed to compensate for the weaker support. Flooring throughout the structure was Kreolite, a creosote-impregnated wood block.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building was clad in paving brick rejects. Walker & Weeks had used uniformly-colored paving brick on the Renkert Building, which it had designed shortly before beginning work on the W. Bingham Co. warehouse. Architect Harry Weeks recommended paving brick for the Bingham building because it was strong, long-wearing, and inexpensive. "Seconds" (bricks which were not uniform in color due to chemical differences, miscasting, or after spending too much time curing in the kiln) were recommended by Weeks because they created an aesthetically pleasing "tapestry effect which might be assumed to have resulted from careful artistic design, rather than accident and economy." Windows in the building all had steel sashes and wire mesh glass. The roofline was a simple concave cavetto cornice.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building, as befit a warehouse, was relatively spartan. Five elevators were grouped in the center of the structure, and a pneumatic tube network installed in the shafts as a space-saving measure. The building also featured several spiral package chutes, and an exterior surface parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The cost of the land and completed building was $1 million ($ in dollars). All told, 300 ST of cast iron, 1,200 ST of structural steel, 2,300 ST of rebar, and 38,000 cubic yards of concrete were used in its construction. When completed, it was reportedly the largest single-unit warehouse in the world.</p><br>
<h3>Architectural assessment</h3><br>
<p>The W. Bingham Co. warehouse building is widely considered one of the finest Commercial style buildings in Cleveland. It features extremely high-quality construction and design, which is unusual for a utilitarian building. It is also, according to the Ohio Historic Places Dictionary, an early example of "vertical rectangular construction of a building in a manner clearly appropriate to its function."</p><br>
<p>The structure is widely celebrated for the inspired use of paving brick seconds, which adds color and texture to the building. The exterior is considered unusually sophisticated, with "subtle refinements of proportion and detail". It has also won praise for the simple, repetitive piers that bring it to life.</p><br>
<h2>History of the building</h2><br>
<p>With the completion of the warehouse, the W. Bingham Co. shifted from retail to wholesale-only operations.</p><br>
<p>W. Bingham Co. ceased operations in June 1961. Several executives with the company purchased the corporate indicia, inventory, and equipment and formed a new company, Bingham, Inc. The new firm continued to sell Bingham products to manufacturing, mining, and railroad customers. W. Bingham Co. continued to own the warehouse, and leased space in it to various kinds of firms (including Bingham Inc.)</p><br>
<p>Some time on or before 1971, the Bingham building was purchased by the Ostendorf-Morris Co., a local real estate investment company.</p><br>
<p>In November 1973, the W. Bingham Co. warehouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Having been purchased by outside investors in 1970 and by Formweld Products Co. in 1973, Bingham Co. moved out of the building in 1980.</p><br>
<p>During the W. Bingham Co. warehouses first half century, Cleveland and the Warehouse District went into significant decline. The rapid and significant expansion in heavy industry in Cleveland ended about 1930, and contracted dramatically after 1950. As the century neared its close, only chemical, instrument and medical equipment, and plastics manufacturing remained as major employers. The citys population reached a high of 914,808 in 1950, but dropped to under 400,000 at the turn of the century (and continued to decline). In the Warehouse District, 115 of the 175 buildings, representing more than half the area, were demolished. The number of residents living in the area had dropped from a high of 12,068 in 1950 to a low of 3,844 in 1970 (although they had recovered slightly to 4,651 in 1990).</p><br>
<h3>2000-2004 renovation and repurposing</h3><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 21st century, the W. Bingham Co. warehouse was relatively unused. A few small city and county agencies and offices had leased space on the structure&#39;s ground floor, while the remainder of the building was used for storage or was empty. Although the building had never been renovated in the past 85 years, it was in good condition. It was also the largest building in the Warehouse District which had yet to undergo demolition or redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>In February 2000, Bingham Burnside LLC, a company established by owners and executives of the Burnside Construction Co. of Chicago, initiated a process to purchase the Bingham building for an undisclosed sum.</p><br>
<p>Bingham Burnside sought to redevelop the structure into a mixed-use development. The company planned spending $66.7 million ($ in dollars) on converting 379,606 ft&sup2; of space into 339 apartments, 292,666 ft&sup2; of space into a 340-vehicle parking garage, and 21,000 ft&sup2; of space into ground-floor retail. Bingham Burnside hired Marous Brothers Construction as the general contractor overseeing the project, which it hoped to begin on April 1, 2001. To pay for the conversion, Bingham Burnside received a $2 million ($ in dollars) loan from the city of Cleveland, $7.4 million ($ in dollars) in historic preservation tax credits from the state; and a $7.8 million ($ in dollars) conservation easement from the state. The city also agreed to give the developers a 75 percent tax abatement for the project&#39;s first five years, a 50 percent tax abatement for its next five years, and a 25 percent tax abatement in its 11th and 12th years.</p><br>
<p>Relocation of tenants was nearly complete by early June 2002, somewhat behind schedule. By then, the cost of converting the 693,272 ft&sup2; building had risen to $70 million ($ in dollars). The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded Bingham Burnside a $41.8 million ($ in dollars) conversion loan. The loan allowed construction on the project to begin in the fall of 2002, with construction expected to be completed in summer 2003.</p><br>
<p>Unanticipated construction delays meant that the Bingham apartments did not open until May 2004. The final cost of the conversion was $80 million ($ in dollars).</p><br>
<p>In late 2004, Constantinos Market opened in 9,600 ft&sup2; of space on the ground floor of the Burnham on W. 9th Street. The space, a former showroom for W. Bingham Co. hardware goods, was restored and conserved. Although the space was broken up by several columns, these were reutilized as display shelves. Constantinos received a $380,000 ($ in dollars) below-market loan from the city to help pay for the space&#39;s renovation.</p><br>
<h3>Conversion awards</h3><br>
<p>The conversion of the warehouse won two awards. The first was the Downtown Development Award, given by the Downtown Cleveland Partnership in March 2005 to Bingham Burnside. The second Award for Excellence in Renovation (Other Buildings), given by the Northern Ohio Chapter of the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties to Marous Brothers Construction in May 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership changes</h3><br>
<p>Burnside Construction suffered severe economic losses during the Great Recession of 2008–2010, and in May 2007 filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy (liquidation). Although The Bingham apartment building was 80 percent full and Constantino&#39;s was expanding its space on the ground floor, Bingham Burnside LLC was unable to make its loan payments without the support of its parent company. HUD seized the mortgage and title to the building, and actioned off the mortgage. Resource Real Estate bought the loan for $25 million in March 2010, and successfully completed a foreclosure proceeding against Bingham Burnside. Resource Real Estate won court approval to sell The Bingham in July 2010 in order to satisfy the mortgage.</p><br>
<p>Resource Real Estate won the November 1, 2010, auction for The Bingham. The company said it planned no major changes at the complex, but would make cosmetic improvements to the common areas.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office in downtown Racine, Wisconsin is a post office operated by the United States Postal Service. It is located at 603 Main Street, in a classical revival-style building designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore, and completed in July 1931. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Racine Main Post Office is a three-story rectangular building, located two blocks from the shore of Lake Michigan. The dimensions of the lot are 89 feet by 160 feet. The building is faced primarily with Bedford limestone from Indiana, except for parts of the obscured south facade which are covered with red brick. Built on a slope, the main entrance is located on the second floor, on the west facade facing Main Street. This side of the building is adorned with six Corinthian columns, reaching 22 feet up from the top of the front steps to the portico. On the frieze, the words "United States Post Office" and an eagle are engraved. The buildings north facade, along Sixth Street, features a row of Corinthian pilasters between each set of windows. The east facade faces Lake Street, and the ground floor features the loading dock and faces the buildings parking lot. The south side is obscured by the McMynn Towers apartment building and an attached public parking structure. At the west end of this side, a wheelchair ramp offers handicap access to the office&#39;s front counter. At the east end, facing the parking lot, a retaining wall has been painted with a mural that features a bald eagle in front of the rising sun, labeled "Racine - A Nice Place to Live".</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is supported by an inner framework of reinforced concrete around steel. Aside from the front counter and mailbox area, the majority of the building consists of large open spaces where mail is processed. The second-story workroom is lit by two large skylights, which occupy a square area of the roof where the top floor is cut out of the rectangular structure. A short chimney stands in the center of the roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Regular federal mail service to the town of Racine began in 1836, when a post office was established at the rapids of the Root River, although it was moved into the town itself later that year. Being the areas first post office, it served areas as distant as Lake Geneva. For much of the towns early history, the office would be located at the house of the elected postmaster, thus moving every time elections were held. In 1891, the Treasury Department began planning for the city&#39;s first designated post office building, and its first federal building, purchasing the site where the current building stands. The location was purchased from Robert Baker, an executive at the J.I. Case Company. Adam H. Harcus and his firm were awarded a $44,347 contract to construct a stone building for a "custom-house and post-office" in September 1896. The building was criticized by some for looking church-like, leading the post office to chisel its name above the front door.</p><br>
<p>Congress appropriated $329,000 in funding for the new post office building on October 18, 1928. During the demolition of the old building and construction of the new building, mail operations temporarily moved to the Shoop Building on State Street. The building was called a monument to Congressman Henry Allen Cooper, the representative of Racines district, who sought to bring public works projects to his constituency and died before the buildings dedication.</p><br>
<p>A proposal in 1991 would have moved the citys main post office to a triangular lot along State Street, but this plan was never put in place and that site is now home to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza. The post office suffered an anthrax scare during the USA anthrax attacks of 2001, when a postal worker discovered brown powder in a sorting bin. Another closing plan was announced in 2009, where the building would be sold and its operations consolidated with the other three existing offices in Racine. Since then, the downtown offices staff and open hours have both been reduced, but it remains open as of May 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Military Road School is an historic public school building in the Brightwood neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003, it has been occupied by the Latin American Montessori Bilingual Public Charter School.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Military Road School was established in 1864 to educate free people of color. The site was formerly occupied by the barracks of Fort Stevens and was located on what was then Military Road, which connected Washington&#39;s Civil War forts. Many freedmen and freedwomen settled near forts for protection and employment. It was one of the first schools in Washington to open after Congress authorized the education of African Americans. The students who attended school came from the neighborhood, traveled from other parts of upper Northwest Washington, as well as from Montgomery County, Maryland. The school remained open until 1954 when the Brown v. Board of Education decision desegregated public schools in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The front part of the present school building was one of the first to be designed by the office of the Municipal Architect, which had been established in 1909, and to be reviewed by the Commission of Fine Arts, which had been established in 1910. The two and a half story building was designed by Snowden Ashford. A large contemporary addition was completed behind the building in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The building is faced with red brick and is accented by stucco panels and limestone trim. It is one room wide and has a central entrance porch. The large banks of multi-paned windows are located on the front and the sides of the building for maximum lighting. There are recessed brick panels on the back of the building. The gently flared hipped roof features wide scrolled eaves, and is topped by an octagonal shaped cupola.</p><br>
<p>The James Ormond Wilson Normal School was a historic normal school in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1873 as the Washington Normal School, it provided teacher training for the district&#39;s educators into the second half of the 20th century. Its main building, located at 1100 Harvard Street NW, was designed by city architect Snowden Ashford and was completed in 1912. It is a distinctive Jacobethan structure, built out of red brick with limestone trim elements. The building now forms one of the campuses of the Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Montana State Fairgrounds Racetrack, also known as the Lewis and Clark County Fairgrounds Racetrack and as Helena Downs, is a historic horse racing track located on the outskirts of Helena, Montana, in the United States. Constructed in 1870, the track was part of the Montana State Fairgrounds, now the Lewis and Clark County Fairgrounds. The racetrack was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 2006. Portions of the track were demolished from 2006 to 2008 due to new construction on the fairgrounds.</p><br>
<h2>Horse racing in Montana</h2><br>
<p>Native Americans first brought horses to the northern Great Plains in the early to mid 1700s, and horse racing among Native Americans in what later became Montana was common. Horse racing also became popular among white settlers in the area, particularly miners.</p><br>
<p>Semi-formal local horse flat racing meets first occurred in Montana in Deer Lodge, Helena, and Virginia City in the 1860s. Helenas first permanent horse racing track was Madam Coadys Two-Mile House, a 1 mi track located a few miles from Helena. The first Montana Territorial Fair was held at the site 1868, and included Montana&#39;s first regionally-organized horse flat race. Harness racing was added at the second Territorial Fair in 1869.</p><br>
<h2>The Montana State Fairgrounds track</h2><br>
<h3>Construction of the track</h3><br>
<p>In August 1870, a group of Helena businessmen and civic leaders organized a new association, the Montana Agricultural Mineral and Mechanical Association, to host a new regional fair. Among the trustees of the new organization were such prominent Montanans as Daniel A. G. Floweree, Cornelius Hedges, Anton M. Holter, and Conrad Kohrs. The group purchased property outside Helena (at the current location of the Montana State Fairgrounds), and construction of the racetrack began immediately. The 1 mi track was built according to the rules of the American Horse Congress and the California State Agricultural Society, had a 0.25 mi home stretch, and was wide enough to accommodate eight sulkies. It is unclear if the track was a regular oval or if it had slightly distorted third and fourth turns which gave it an irregular oblong shape. At the time of its construction, it was the only regulation 1 mi track in the territory.</p><br>
<p>Several other buildings were erected about the same time as the track was constructed. Grandstands were constructed probably at the same as the track, beginning near the starting line and extending eastward. A "paddock" was built to the east of the grandstand, and around the first turn were three stables.</p><br>
<h3>Early history of the track</h3><br>
<p>Races were held throughout the summer (not just at fair-time). They attracted horses from as far away as Salt Lake City, and even included some high-quality Kentucky thoroughbreds. By 1884, horse racing tracks had been built in Bozeman and Butte, and a "Montana Circuit" for horse racing had evolved. Races at Montana Circuit tracks became more exclusive, and applicant horses had to be vetted by a nomination committee before being allowed to race. On either side of the finish line were judging stands. These are two-storied structures which gave judging officials a clear view of the finish line so that they might declare which horses won and placed in the race. Initially, these were merely covered platforms, but they were replaced several times over the years with more elaborate, permanent structures with walls, windows, and amenities.</p><br>
<p>Montana became a USA state in 1889, and the fair was renamed the Montana State Fair in 1891 after being sold to a new group of investors. Helena horse racing continued to gain in prestige, with owners in Denver, Colorado, and Spokane, Washington, sending entries. The track was rebuilt that year. A Montana Central Railway spur reached the fairgrounds that same year, and local undocumented tradition claimed that several railroad cars of earth from Kentucky were laid on the track.</p><br>
<p>The Panic of 1893 created significant economic disruption in Montana, and the Montana State Fair shut down after the 1895 event. The fairgrounds were mortgaged, and the issuers of the loan foreclosed.</p><br>
<h3>Period of state ownership</h3><br>
<p>Helena residents raised money in 1903 to buy the fairgrounds, which were donated to the state. By this time, the track had so deteriorated that large amounts of soil had to be trucked in to restore the turns. The state of Montana authorized a subsidized Montana State Fair in 1903, and in 1904 relay races were added. About this time, a two-story raised platform was erected just outside the first turn. This platform was used by racing officials to direct animals and riders before and after races. In 1904, the three stables were moved from the first turn to outside the far stretch and rebuilt as speed barns. A fourth speed barn and three more stables were built at some point thereafter. Two small cottages were erected about this time as well. One was against the north fence between the speed barns and stables, and another was at the end of a long shed built east of the speed barns. The cottage attached to the shed was used by the racetrack veterinarian.</p><br>
<p>Significant changes to the viewing area were made after 1904. Three sets of bleachers were erected at the racetrack between 1903 and 1914. The first (the "long bleachers") was erected about 700 ft west of the grandstands, probably in 1904. The second set was erected between 1904 and 1913 to the west of the grandstand, and the third (the "small bleachers") to the west of the long bleachers, probably in 1914. The old grandstands were demolished in 1906, and replaced with larger ones. Roughly 260 ft long and 60 ft wide, they cost $20,000 ($ in dollars) and were capable of seating 5,000 people. Beneath the grandstands were a small jockey&#39;s dressing room (eastern end), a restaurant, and a room with betting windows.</p><br>
<p>The horse racing at the Montana State Fair began to decline after the Montana Legislature banned betting on horse races in 1914. The fairs financial situation deteriorated when the state legislature significantly cut the subsidy in 1915, and a worsening decade-long drought led to fewer paying exhibitors. Although horse racing remained popular at the fairgrounds, economic difficulties led to the fairs cancellation in 1926. Organizers managed to host only small fairs 1927 to 1932.</p><br>
<p>The ban on gambling was lifted in 1930. That year, more than 350 high-quality racehorses from the USA, Canada, and Mexico raced at Helena, and parimutuel betting (assisted by an automatic totaliser) first occurred. The "paddock" was abandoned the same year, and a true, open-air paddock was built next to it.</p><br>
<h3>Closure and reopening</h3><br>
<p>The last Montana State Fair was held in Helena in 1932. The 1935 Helena earthquake and several fires in the 1930s and 1940s destroyed several unspecified structures associated with the horse racing track. In the fall of 1937, the three north stables and veterinarian&#39;s cottage burned down. Horse racing ended during this time, and the track was abandoned except for the small section in front of the grandstand (used as part of the automobile race track).</p><br>
<p>The largest of the four north barns was relocated to nearby Green Meadow Ranch about 1938. The remaining three north barns either burned down or were demolished by 1951. Both finish-line judging stands were removed by then as well.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1953, the Capital City Racing Association constructed a 0.25 mi oval stock car racing track inside the 1916 automobile track. It remained in until 1956.</p><br>
<p>Horse racing returned to the horse track in 1964, some years after organizers hosted the first Last Chance Stampede at the fairgrounds.</p><br>
<h3>County ownership and changes to the track</h3><br>
<p>The grandstands were demolished in 2000. They had fallen into a decrepit state, and preservationists vigorously asked for them to be preserved. But the cost was too great, and the state declined to assume the cost. New modern, metal bleachers were erected in their place, and in the infield just west of the first turn. The new grandstands, designed to accommodate rodeo activities in the infield, occupied about one-eighth of the horse racing track surface. Both the second turn, home stretch, and backstretch were bulldozed to accommodate rodeo activities.</p><br>
<p>The public discussion over the grandstands led the Lewis and Clark County Historic Preservation Office to conduct a historic assessment of the Montana State Fairgrounds in 2003.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Lewis and Clark County Fair Board began consideration of a plan to reconfigured the old Montana State Fairgrounds for reuse. Although there was support for the return of horse racing and restoration of the track, the fair board declined to amend the plan to accommodate it. When the county began building an access road across the horse racing track in the fall of 2005 in preparation for construction, an organization named Save the Track Foundation unsuccessfully sued to have the road stopped.</p><br>
<p>In November 2006, Lewis and Clark County voters approved a $5.7 million ($ in dollars) tax levy to implement the changes proposed by the fair board.</p><br>
<p>Despite the partial blockage and demolition of the track, the horse racing track (but not any associated buildings) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in December 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the Save the Track Foundation filed several lawsuits to enjoin Lewis and Clark County from implementing its reconfiguration of the fairgrounds. The group claimed that the fair board had misled voters by failing to disclose that the horse racing track would be partially demolished and the infield used for construction. County officials said the reconfiguration plan saved most of the track for horse racing and preservation purposes, and that a lengthy planning process determined that partial demolition and use of the infield was the best use of the land given current and future needs. A Montana District Court judge declined to issue a temporary injunction halting the plan, and in March 2008 issued a formal ruling in favor of the county. The ruling allowed final construction on the new 60,000 ft&sup2; exhibition building to go forward.</p><br>
<h2>About the track</h2><br>
<p>The Montana State Fairgrounds Racetrack is located in the center of the 160 acre fairgrounds.</p><br>
<p>Grandstands, three sets of bleachers, an enclosed "paddock", two judging platforms, and three stables were built during the tracks early history on the home stretch and first turn. Speed barns, three stables, and two cottages were built adjacent to the back stretch in the first two or three decades of the 20th century. No historic structures associated with the tracks history remained as of 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Montana State Fairgrounds Racetrack was one of only three 1 mi tracks west of the Mississippi River in 2005. It was reported to be the oldest of these</p><br>
<p>1 mi tracks in 2006, as well as the oldest extant horse racing track in Montana, and the only racing track built in Montana&#39;s territorial period to survive into the 21st century. According to the American Racing Manual, it was the second oldest horse racing track of its kind in the nation.</p><br>
<p>The Athletic Park Band Shell in Plainview, Nebraska was designed and built during 1939 to 1942. Also known as Plainview Band Shell, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The band shell is a Moderne-style structure designed by Norfolk, Nebraska architect Elbert B. Watson. The listing includes one contributing building and ten contributing objects: five concrete benches, a concrete drinking fountain, and four concrete light posts. The complex was built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).</p><br>
<p>The band shell has a 33 ft-diameter arch and is part of a 50 x building which also includes dressing rooms. When built, it was part of a four-block park named Athletic Park, which was later divided. In 1992, it is located within a 3.26 ft area known as Band Shell Park, which also includes a basketball court and playground equipment. In 1992, the band shell area was bordered by Scotch pine and elm trees that were part of the original WPA landscaping.</p><br>
<p>The Piainview Band Shell was deemed notable "on the state-wide level for its association with the WPA and as an excellent and well-preserved example of cast concrete construction executed in the moderne style." Four comparable band shells existed in Nebraska in 1992, including in Grant and Auburn, but these are not made of cast concrete and are not Moderne in style.</p><br>
<p>The Willow Creek Bridge, which brought a Pierce County, Nebraska road over Willow Creek, about 6.5 mi miles south of Foster, Nebraska, was built in 1913. It is a Lattice truss bridge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The bridge was moved to Gilman Park in Pierce, Nebraska in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has a single 34.0 ft span and supports a 15.7 ft roadway. Its floor is a timber deck over I-beam stringers and it is of steel, rigid-connected lattice pony truss construction with latticed guardrails.</p><br>
<p>Although probably a number of similar structures were built on secondary roads in Nebraska in the early 1900s, only this and another also built by Canton Bridge Company, and also crossing Willow Creek in Pierce County, were surviving in 1992. Its NRHP nomination summarized: "In a well-preserved state, this bridge is technologically significant as one of the last remaining examples in the state of this early vehicular truss type."</p><br>
<p>The Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad Depot  is a historic train station on South Main Street in Plainview, Pierce County, Nebraska. Built in 1880, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. In 2009, it was serving as the Plainview Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was built to serve the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad, which was later absorbed into the Chicago and North Western Railway. No tracks remain in the vicinity of the depot building.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story gabled wood-frame building with a brick facade on a concrete foundation, with a 92 x plan.</p><br>
<p>The Wayne Commercial Historic District in Wayne in Wayne County, Nebraska is a 13 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>It includes 68 buildings, of which 44 are contributing buildings, along portions of S. Main, N. Main, and 2nd St., including the city hall. It includes Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals and Late 19th And Early 20th Century American Movements architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Historic buildings</h2><br>
<p>P.V. Elevator Company grain elevator (1889), South Main Street</p><br>
<p>Freight Depot (1883), 110 South Main Street</p><br>
<p>Passenger Depot (1912), 106 South Main Street, a one‐story brick building</p><br>
<p>Old City Hall (1912), 115 West 2nd Street, includes Neo Classical details, was renovated for use as Wayne&#39;s fire department</p><br>
<p>Old First National Bank (c.1890), 202 North Main Street, a two‐story building constructed of red brick with reddish‐orange stone accents. It has a decorated cornice and a brick masonry parapet.</p><br>
<p>The Wayne United States Post Office on Pearl Street in Wayne in Wayne County, Nebraska was built during 1934–35. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>According to its NRHP nomination, the post office was important as "Many jobs were created in a community that sorely needed them, and a lovely facility was constructed that has contributed to the livability of Wayne as a charming mid-sized community...."</p><br>
<p>The Dr. W. C. Wightman House in Wayne, Nebraska was built in Shingle Style in 1900. Also known as the Rollie W. Ley House and as the Wightman-Ley House, it is a two-and-a-half-story house with a large porch around two sides of its first story. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It was built for Dr. W. C. Wightman, a doctor for the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Wightman moved to California in 1912 and sold the home to Rollie W. Ley. Ley worked his way up from clerk at the Wayne State National Bank (in 1899) to become president and chairman of the bank&#39;s board (in 1924).</p><br>
<p>The house was deemed in its NRHP nomination to be "a fine example of the Shingle Style mode of architecture. Though a vernacular version of the style, this house has many characteristic features, such as the shingled upper floors over the clapboarded first floor, Palladian windows in the gables, elaborate wood paneled entry hall with window seat, fireplace and winding staircase, the generally open floor plan and the exquisite parquette flooring on first floor. Modest examples of this style which utilized more obvious classical motifs were more popular in Nebraska than the fully developed mode."</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the house was under restoration by the Wayne County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the house served as the Wayne County Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Wayne Municipal Auditorium in Wayne in Wayne County, Nebraska was built in 1935 as a Public Works Administration project. It is Art Deco in style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story rectangular building. It has a large auditorium and two other meeting spaces that have served as community meeting places, as a gymnasium, a playhouse, a movie hall, and a commencement hall.</p><br>
<p>Blackbird Hill, about three miles south of Macy, Nebraska, also known as Big Elk Hill, is a historic site which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was a traditional burial site of Omaha chiefs, including Blackbird The site was visited by Lewis and Clark in 1804. It includes petroglyphs. It is on private land and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>It was painted by George Catlin and by Karl Bodmer.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Blackbird Hill, particularly in Nebraska, may be associated with lost love due to it being the setting of a folktale which was popular in the early twentieth century. One account of the story was recorded in Nebraska Folklore, a pamphlet printed in 1939 as part of the Work Projects Administrations Nebraska Writers Project.</p><br>
<p>According to the 1939 story, on a fall day in the mid-eighteenth century, members of the Omaha tribe happened upon a white man wandering their territory who was "raving mad and nearly starved." The Omaha took the man to their medicine man, who nursed the man back to health. After regaining his strength and sanity, the man decided to return to his home in the eastern United States, but first told his benefactors the story of how he had fallen into such despair. The man had been shipwrecked for five years while returning from a business venture abroad. The girl whom he had planned to marry eventually lost hope that he would ever return and instead married the man&#39;s childhood friend.</p><br>
<p>When the man returned home and learned of this, he set out to find his sweetheart, whom he assumed had moved west with her new husband to California in search of gold. When he could not find her in California, he began his journey home, heartbroken. On his return voyage, he sailed down the Missouri River and one evening landed at the foot of Blackbird Hill, where he saw a trail which he followed up the hill to a cabin. He knocked on the door and, to his surprise, his sweetheart answered. The two declared their love for each other and the woman promised to leave with him the next day.</p><br>
<p>The womans husband returned shortly after and she told him she planned to leave him. The husband begged the woman to stay, but she would not. Mad with rage, the husband took his hunting knife from his pack and killed his wife, nearly decapitating her with the knife. Then the husband, upon realizing what he had done, gathered up his wife in his arms and carried her to a cliff on the hill. The husband flung both himself and his wifes body down the cliff into the waters of the Missouri. The man from the east had been nearby but could not stop the tragedy and instead was struck with shock upon witnessing the horrors and could not tell the Omaha anything that had happened between that night and the day he was rescued. The man returned home, but never forgot about the horrors he had seen on Blackbird Hill. The Omahas never forgot the story either, and it is said that in October, when the moon is full, one can still hear the screams of the woman on Blackbird Hill and that no grass grows where her blood was shed.</p><br>
<p>The tale is almost certainly the invention of white authors and not a story told by the Omaha, as the Omaha would have already known the site well for being the burial place of Chief Blackbird, rather than the place where two unnamed Europeans died. There are, at least in the 1939 telling, a number of historical inaccuracies. For instance, the story claims that the man found wandering the area was taken to the tribe&#39;s medicine man and placed in his wigwam. The Omaha built permanent settlements out of earth lodges and temporary housing in the form of tipis, but wigwams were not a customary form of housing for the Omaha. Furthermore, the author alleges the story took place in the mid-eighteenth century, which would place the events around 1750. In the 1750, Chief Blackbird had not yet died and been buried on Blackbird Hill. The United States was not a sovereign nation in this time period, and even after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, there was not contact between citizens of the United States and the Omaha tribe in the 1700s. While other Europeans, such as the French and Spanish, had been in contact with the Omaha since at least 1700, the American citizens did not interact with the Omaha tribe until the Corps of Discovery in 1804. The author may have confused the term eighteenth century to mean the 1800s, which is likely given that the story claims that the man went looking for his lover in California because he believed she had gone there following a gold rush, which likely refers to the 1849 California Gold Rush.</p><br>
<p>The Veranda House, also known as the Curlee House, is a historic house in Corinth, Mississippi, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1857 for Hamilton Mask, a surveyor who went on to serve as the mayor of Corinth in 1866 and 1872. In 1860, it was sold to Burnett B. Wilkerson, who sold it to William Simonton shortly after. Simonton remained the property owner until 1872.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, General Braxton Bragg of the Confederate States Army stayed in the house, as did Confederate General Earl Van Dorn. Later, General Henry Halleck of the Union Army also stayed in the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Judge William E. Curlee in 1875. His widow, Mary Boone Curlee, sold the house outside the family in 1882. By 1921, it was purchased by William Curlee&#39;s descendant, Shelby Hammond Curlee. In 1960–1963, the house was deeded to the Corinth Library Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Van Raalte House, also known as The Maples, is a private house located at 1076 Sixteenth Street in Holland, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The house and surrounding property now forms the city of Holland&#39;s Van Raalte Farm Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1846, the Rev. Albertus C. Van Raalte led a group of 101 Dutch citizens to America to found a "colony" where they could practice their conservative brand of Dutch Reformed religion. In 1847, the immigrants settled in western Michigan, founding Holland. Benjamin Van Raalte, born in 1840, was Albertus van Raalte&#39;s third child. He traveled with his father to the United States in 1846. When he reached adulthood, he began farming the plot of land on this location, which had been conveyed to him by his father.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Van Raalte constructed the two barns still on the property in 1865. In 1867, Benjamin Van Raalte had this house constructed, located on a hill overlooking his land.</p><br>
<p>After Van Raaltes death, his daughter Julia van Raalte and her husband, Orlando S. Reimold, lived in the house. Reimold was an author, and eventually became president and board chairman of the World Book Company. The Reimolds lived primarily in Chicago until Orlandos retirement in 1948, when they moved into this house. Following Julias death in 1952, Orlando Reimold moved out, and the couples children then used the house as a country retreat.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 the Reimolds sold the house and the associated property to the city of Holland. In 1991-99, the city converted the property into a park, known as the Van Raalte Farm. Until 2003, the house was maintained by John and Judy Madison as caretakers. The City of Holland made improvements to the house in 2004, and the DeGraaf Nature Center began using it for various purposes. Further rehabilitation of the house took place in 2016.</p><br>
<p>On September 21, 2019, the house was fully opened to the public for the first time during the cities annual Civil War muster.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Van Raalte House is a two-story, rectangular Italian Villa house with clapboard siding sitting atop a hill. It has a low hipped roof with projecting eaves and a frieze underneath, encircling the house. Marrow pilasters are at the corners of the house. The front elevation contains an entrance on the left-hand side, with two windows on the right. On the second floor are three evenly spaced windows. Each window is a two-over-two double-hung style, with segmental-arch heads. A single-story hip-roof veranda extends across the front and wraps to one side. A single-story kitchen addition extends from one side at the rear.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the front section has a side hall and stair hall, off from which are a front parlor, a dining room, a pantry, and a modern kitchen. The upstairs contains several bedrooms. Furnishings in many of the rooms originally belonged to the Van Raalte family, the most notable of which is a secretary owned by the Rev.</p><br>
<p>Albertus Van Raalte. The kitchen addition now contains an apartment.</p><br>
<p>The Battle Point Site, also designated 20OT50, is an archaeological site located on Battle Point, along the Grand River in Crockery Township, Ottawa County, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<p>Battle Point was the site of Fort Village and an Odawa Indian burial ground, likely used for a span of about 20 years between 1815 and 1835. The Odawa at the site were led by Chief Onamontapay.</p><br>
<p>In 1836, the Treaty of Washington ceded the lands north of the Grand River to the United States. As a result, the Potawatomi Chief Shiawassee, then living upriver at the confluence of Crockery Creek and the Grand River, called a council at Battle Point, where he attempted to induce the Odawa living there and other local groups to revolt and massacre European settlers.</p><br>
<p>However, Chief Shiawassee and his Potawatomi soon moved out of the area, and the village at Battle Point was abandoned by the Odawa at about the same time. However, some Odawa families continued to live in the area, and a Native American school was established on Battle Point in 1855. These families continued to live in the Battle Point area as late as 1878.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological excavations</h2><br>
<p>The burial sites on Battle Point were forgotten for many years. However, the site was brought to the attention of amateur archaeologists in the 1950s, when erosion from the cutting action of the nearby river uncovered some of the burial sites. Five of these were excavated at that time by the Coffinberry chapter of the Michigan Archaeological Society. Nine further graves were excavated in 1971-2 by researchers from Grand Valley State University.</p><br>
<p>The artifacts recovered from the burial sites were primarily American and European trade goods. These included utilitarian goods such as knives, firesteels, gunflints, axes, and kettles. Also included were decorative goods such as silver brooches and bracelets, clay pipes, and glass beads.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa Federation of Colored Womens Clubs  was an umbrella organization serving African-American womens clubs in Iowa. The motto of IFCWC was "Sowing Seeds of Kindness", and the organization was affiliated with the National Association of Colored Women. The club produced a journal called the Iowa Colored Woman. IFCWC sent delegates to represent the state at national conventions and opportunities such as "Colored Womens day" at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. The IFCWC is also known for creating a black women&#39;s dormitory for the University of Iowa before the school was fully integrated. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The IFCWC was created in May 1902 and was at first known as the Iowa Association of Colored Womens Clubs. The first convention met in Ottumwa with only a few women and their clubs attending. The first president was Helen Downey. By 1904, there were 300 women attending the annual conference and clubs from all cities large enough to support them sent representatives. By 1914, the IFCWC represented 40 different African-American womens clubs in Iowa. Also in that year, the IFCWC created a committee dedicated to women&#39;s suffrage, which was headed by Teresa Adams.</p><br>
<h3>Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls</h3><br>
<p>In 1912, it was proposed by the president of IFCWC, Mrs. J.B. Rush, that a home for black working women be established. In 1919, the IFCWC purchased a home, known later as the "Federation Home", at 942 Iowa Avenue in Iowa City. White neighbors protested the sale of a house to African Americans, successfully demanding that the lot&#39;s price be reassessed, causing IFCWC to pay more money for their purchase. In 1934, the home was renamed "Sue Brown Hall" after a prominent member of the IFCWC. The home allowed black women who wanted to attend the University of Iowa to have a place to stay, since they were not allowed in the dorms until 1947. The home closed in 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Sue M. Wilson Brown.</p><br>
<p>The Porter-Leath House is a historic house in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. It has also been known as the Porter Leath Childrens Center, which was originally chartered in 1850 as the Protestant Widows and Orphans&#39; Asylum. It was named after Dr David Tinsley Porter after he made a donation to the asylum in 1904. In 1951, it was renamed the Porter-Leath Home. Portions of the house were built in 1856, 1875, 1912, 1927 and 1929. The 1875 portion was designed by the architect E. C. Jones. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 8, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Rowland J. Darnell House is a historic mansion in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. It was built in 1907 for Rowland Jones Darnell, a lumber dealer from the North. By 1917, it had been acquired by the hardware dealer A. R. Orgill, followed by another hardware dealer named Leslie Martin Stratton from 1919 to 1924. It was purchased by The Nineteenth Century Club in 1926.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed in the Colonial Revival architectural style, with Beaux Arts features. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 26, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Theater in Norfolk in Madison County, Nebraska was built in 1920, had a seating capacity of 1,081, and cost about $80,000 to construct. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>It was the city of Norfolk&#39;s first purpose-built movie theater when constructed in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The theater was closed during 1930–34, perhaps as result of the 1927 opening of the opulent Granada Theater, with an auditorium seating 1,100.</p><br>
<p>The theater was available for sale in February 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Boyce-Gregg House is a historic house in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built for C. R. Boyce, a cotton broker, in 1920. He died in 1930, and the house remained in the Boyce family until 1936.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Russell C. Gregg, the Memphis manager of the Anderson, Clayton and Company, a cotton brokering firm. One of his daughters married Henry Loeb, the mayor of Memphis. In 1973, the house was purchased by his son-in-law, C. Wrede Petersmeyer.</p><br>
<p>The house served as a residence until 1979 when it was renovated by a local architectural firm for offices on the second floor for Day Companies, Inc. The house was bought by the Junior League of Memphis in 1991. The house, now called the Community Resource Center by the Junior League members, is used as a meeting space and wedding venue. The first floor remains almost completely the same as it did in 1920, besides renovation of the kitchen and the addition of a bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Jones & Furbringer.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Claridge is a historic hotel building in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. It was built in 1924 for Charles Levy and Morris Corn, two businessmen from St. Louis, Missouri. Its construction cost $1.5 million, and it was designed by the Memphis architectural firm of Jones & Furbringer and the St. Louis firm of Barnett, Haynes & Barnett.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Claridge is at 109 North Main Street in Memphis. In the 1930s and 40s, it housed the studios of radio station 560 AM WHBQ.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 29, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Mathewson–Gerecke House in Norfolk, Nebraska was built in 1884. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story Queen Anne-style house. It was remodelled in c.1925, at which time a sunroom on the east side was added, and front and rear porches were replaced with Classical porticos.</p><br>
<p>It was home of Charles Payson Mathewson (1848-1941), who eventually served as speaker of the House of the state of Nebraska, and served as a bank president, and fled in a scandal, after stealing funds.</p><br>
<p>It was later home of Herman Gerecke.</p><br>
<p>The Karl Stefan Memorial Airport Administration Building at the Norfolk Regional Airport in Norfolk in Madison County, Nebraska was built in 1946. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Norfolk architect Elbert B. Watson (1879-1963) in Moderne style. It has also been known as Norfolk Municipal Airport Administration Building.</p><br>
<p>Watson also designed the Athletic Park Band Shell in Plainview, Nebraska, also NRHP-listed in Madison County, and the NRHP-listed Knox County Courthouse in Center, Nebraska, and the Rock County Courthouse in Bassett, Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>The Stubbs–Ballah House in Norfolk in Madison County, Nebraska, USA, was built in 1917. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by the architect James C. Stitt.</p><br>
<p>Congressman Mike and Mandi Flood lived in the house from 2006 to 2012. Congressman Flood served as Speaker of the Nebraska Unicameral Legislature from 2007 to 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop Mountain Lookout, located in Island Park, Idaho, was created between 1936 and 1938 by the Civilian Conservation Corps  in the Caribou-Targhee National Forest. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and its cabin is currently available as reserved accommodations through the United States Forest Service.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Bishop Mountain Look was constructed between 1936 and 1938 by members of Company 2515 of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), based at Camp Porcupine (F-405), as a fire lookout for the United States Forest Service in the Caribou-Targhee National Forest.</p><br>
<p>When Franklin D. Roosevelt first ran for the office of President of the United States, America was in the midst of The Great Depression, with economic recovery uncertain. Roosevelt campaigned in 1932 on the promise, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people." The CCC, which operated 1933–1942, was part of his New Deal program, providing unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. In Idaho, the CCC, employed 80,000 men, a larger per capita ratio than any other state.</p><br>
<p>The 72 ft steel construction fire lookout tower is topped by a steel cab manufactured by Aermotor Company of Chicago. It is situated at an elevation of 7,810 ft on the summit of Bishop Mountain, an extinct volcanic vent on the rim of the Island Park Caldera.</p><br>
<p>The log cabin was built as a 16x24 one-room, screened-porch structure, with a "vault toilet" in a separate building. The cabin, which has no running water, electricity, bed linens or other basic amenities, is currently available for rental through the National Forest Service. Much of the road access is paved with only gravel, and can only be accessed by snowmobile during many of the winter months.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP certification</h2><br>
<p>The property was added to the NRHP in Fremont County, Idaho on May 23, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Harms Farm in Phillips County, Colorado near Haxtun, Colorado, also known as Gansemer Farm, is a 160 acre farm which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 2.5 mi north of Paoli, Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The farmland was claimed by John A. Nelson under the Timber Culture Act in 1894. It was purchased by William Gansemer in 1917 and it has been in continuous operation since. William eventually sold to his brother Fred. In 2015 it was operated by Duane Harms, Fred Gansemer&#39;s great-grandson.</p><br>
<p>The Shoop Building is a historic office building in downtown Racine, Wisconsin, USA Located next to the Root River at 215 State Street and 222 Main Street, its six-story height and contrast of Cream City brick and red sandstone make it a distinctive part of Racine&#39;s skyline. Constructed in stages between 1893 and 1902, the main part of the building was designed by local architect James Gilbert Chandler.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Clarendon Shoop, a practicing physician in Racine, began selling his own patent medicines in 1890. The Shoop Family Medicine Company&#39;s business quickly outgrew its rented room on Main Street and, finding no sufficiently large spaces available, Shoop had plans drawn up for a five-story building. This building was designed by a local architect, James G. Chandler, in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The first parts of the building, the basement and the lower two stories were constructed in 1893.</p><br>
<p>After the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, which regulated the claims made by pharmacists like Shoop, the company was forced to cut back production. By 1910, the Shoop laboratorys brand had been renamed Country Club Toilet Products, and rooms in the building were being rented to small companies like Western Publishing, which had previously printed labels for Shoops products. After Shoop&#39;s retirement in 1914, Western Publishing took over the whole building and later expanded to the Driver Company buildings across the street.</p><br>
<p>After Western left for a purpose-built factory to the southwest in 1928, the building took on a wide variety of tenants. The Western Coil and Electric Company produced radios and pseudo-medical violet ray machines there during the 1920s. The building also temporarily housed the Post Office during the construction of its new building.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the building was purchased by Sanford Tube Sales, Inc. An employee of this company discovered a gravestone that predated the building in the wall of the basement in 1983, although no remains were found there. After being used as an industrial factory for its entire lifespan, S. C. Johnson and Son purchased the building in 1983, modernizing and renovating it into an office building which opened for business in 1987, as well as cleaning the exterior for the first time in decades. S. C. Johnson used the building as a home for its Johnson Worldwide Associates division in the 1990s. The main tenant today is an office of the accountancy firm CliftonLarsonAllen.</p><br>
<p>The Oltjenbruns Farm in Phillips County, Colorado near Amherst, Colorado, also known as Welper Farm, is a 160 acre farm which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The district includes nine contributing buildings, three contributing structures, one contributing site, and one contributing object, as well as two non-contributing buildings. The two-story farm house was built in 1915 and is 33 x in plan. It was built by Robert Buchholz and is in a simplified Dutch Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Adams Avenue Historic District in Memphis, Tennessee is a 9 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It contains six contributing buildings:</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Roman Catholic Church (1852), at 190 Adams Ave.</p><br>
<p>North Memphis Savings Bank (1901), at 110 Adams Ave.</p><br>
<p>Shelby County Courthouse (1909), at 160 Adams Ave., which was designed by architects H. D. Hale and James Gamble Rogers, who both were students of the Ecole de Beaux Arts in Paris. It has sculpture groups in its four pediments, designed by J. Massey Rhind.</p><br>
<p>Fire Engine House No. 1 (1910), at 118 Adams Ave.</p><br>
<p>Memphis Police Station (1911), at 128 or 130 Adams Ave.</p><br>
<p>Criminal Courts Building (1925), at 156 Washington Ave.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathan Bedford Forrest reportedly operated a slave market in this district, said to be the South’s largest at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Spear-O-Wigwam Ranch is a former dude ranch, now a campus of Sheridan College, Wyoming, the Spear-O-Wigwam Mountain Campus. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. It is located at the southeast end of Park Reservoir, about two miles north of Cloud Peak Wilderness Area at altitude of 8,300 ft.</p><br>
<p>It closed as a dude ranch in 2011.</p><br>
<p>One of its log guest cabins is known as the "Hemingway Cabin", where Ernest Hemingway stayed in 1928 with his wife Pauline while writing A Farewell to Arms. The cabin is approximately 42 x.</p><br>
<p>The Calvin Day House is a historic house at 105 Spring Street in Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1852, it is the last survivor of a series of fine Italianate houses that lined a bluff overlooking Hartford&#39;s Union Station. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It now houses a social service agency.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Calvin Day House is located in Hartford&#39;s Asylum Hill neighborhood, north of downtown, at the southwest corner of Myrtle and Spring Streets. It is a two-story brick building, roughly rectangular in shape, with a low-pitch hip roof topped by an octagonal cupola. The roof has an extended eave with paired decorative brackets, and is pierced by gabled wall dormers. The main facade faces east toward Spring Street, and is three bays wide. The ground floor outer bays have tall projecting bays, topped with bracketed roofs. In the center is the main entrance, sheltered by a porch with Corinthian columns supporting a simple entablature. On the Myrtle Street facade is a secondary entrance, above which on the second floor is a projecting oriel window. A mid-20th century wing extends to the rear; it has sympathetic styling. The interior has retained much of its original styling, despite conversion to non-residential use.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1852 for J. Seymour Brown, a bookbinder, who sold it in 1855 to Calvin Day. Day was a prominent local businessman, whose roles included president of the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, and of the Wadsworth Atheneum. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1857 to 1858 and was active in the affairs of the Republican Party in Connecticut. The house passed to his daughter, whose heirs sold it in 1921 to a local women&#39;s shelter.</p><br>
<p>Spring Street runs roughly north–south along a bluff that now overlooks Interstate 84, with Hartfords Union Station just beyond. In Calvin Days time, the street was lined with similar high quality houses. All the others have since been torn down, either early in the 20th century to be replaced by apartment blocks, or later during urban renewal. Similar houses still survive on other streets in the Asylum Hill area.</p><br>
<p>The Archambault House is a transitional Federal style house that was built circa 1850 in Florissant, Missouri. It is notable for its intact outbuildings which are some of the finest remaining in Florissant. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a St. Louis County Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1848, after the Mexican-American War, Auguste Archambault was invited by an acquaintance, Antoine Tesson to come to his hometown of Florissant, Missouri. Archambault had served under Frémont in the California Battalion. While in Florissant was introduced to Amanda Peira, a descendant of an early settler of the town, whom he married later that year. Archambault subsequently left to help guide Howard Stansburys expedition to the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Upon his arrival back from this expedition he met his firstborn son, Auguste Jr., and began construction of a new house on what was then the Florissant Commons, land held by the village for farming with each village property owner owning individual tracts. The Archambault family never lived in the house for very long periods of time especially due to Augustes transient career as a fur trader and guide.</p><br>
<p>In 1858 the land the house was on was transferred to Joseph and Virginia Brand the in-laws of Auguste Archambault Jr. For many years after the house was used a residence before the Archdiocese of St. Louis came into possession of the house. They in turn sold it a year later to the city of Florissant under whose ownership in the 1970s a time when it was threatened with demolition. It was purchased by the city of Florissant with a $20,000 grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development which was matched by Historic Florissant Inc. As a result of this agreement, in 1981 after the restoration was complete Historic Florissant refunded the grant to the federal government and gained ownership of the house, which is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This two-story Federal style house was built of brick on a limestone foundation. The house itself is a transitional one architecturally featuring Greek Revival and early Victorian features such as the boxed cornice with brackets. The main portion of the house dates from the 1850s while the one-story brick kitchen wing of the house dates from the 1880s. It has a stone cellar underneath the rear kitchen wing of the house with a dirt floor. The most notable feature of the property is that it has five intact outbuildings: a wood-frame summer kitchen, well house, two sheds, and a brick privy. Of these the most significant are the well house and brick privy. Both have French provincial roofs and the privy has three seats and is plastered on the interior.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Trunk Western Railroad Grand Haven Coal Tipple is a coaling tower designed to feed coal to steam locomotives located on the 300 block of North Harbor Drive  in Grand Haven, Michigan. It is the tallest structure in the city. The coal tipple was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway purchased the river frontage at this location and placed their operations at this site. structures located here included a turntable, a grain elevator, an engine house, a freight warehouse, an icehouse, a depot, and a water tank. The railway underwent a series of mergers, and was eventually obtained by the Grand Trunk Western Railroad, although the subsidiary retained an independent identity. In 1902, railroad began car ferry service at this site. the In 1924-25, the railroad upgraded its Grand Haven facilities, building a 50,000 gallon water tower and this coaling station.</p><br>
<p>When in use, the structure contained a hoist that provided coal to locomotives through the two steel chutes projecting from the structure. An electric motor in the adjacent engine house powered the system. In 1933, Grand Trunk Railroad transferred its ferry service to Muskegon in 1933, the coal tipple fell into disuse. In 1949, the ferry dock in Muskegon collapsed and Grand Trunk briefly re-activated the site. However, diesels replaced steam locomotives in the 1950s and no further operations took place at the tower. The steel hardware was eventually removed. Grand Trunk ceased passenger operations to Grand Haven in 1955, and in 1975 it ended freight service and abandoned the track.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Trunk Western Railroad Grand Haven Coal Tipple is a massive structure built from reinforced concrete, standing 79 feet high and covering an area 38 feet by 30 feet. The structure includes a large coal storage section along with a small gabled unit above that at one time housed the hoist machinery. Adjacent to the main structure is small single-story reinforced concrete power house building. Also located in the park is the Pere Marquette Railway Locomotive No. 1223, separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the coal tipple is constructed from ten concrete piers that define three bays on the longer sides and two on the shorter. The bays are composed of arches running from pier to pier. Some bays are entirely open, while others are filled with a concrete panel. A wide horizontal concrete belt course above the arches defines the base of the structure&#39;s second level. This level has bays aligned with those on the first story, with all containing recessed rectangular planes without windows. This level originally contained coal storage. The wider central bay continues upward to form a third story with a gabled concrete roof.</p><br>
<p>The Day-Taylor House is a historic house at 81 Wethersfield Avenue in Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1857, it is one of state&#39;s best examples of Italianate villa architecture executed in brick. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It presently houses offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Day-Taylor House is located in Hartford&#39;s Sheldon-Charter Oak neighborhood, on the west side of Wethersfield Avenue directly opposite the Armsmear estate house of Samuel Colt. It is a -story masonry structure, built out of red brick in a roughly L-shaped plan. It has a hip roof, and a three-story tower rising at the crook of the ell. Both the main roof and tower roof have extended eaves with evenly spaced heavy brackets. Windows on the first two levels are generally set in pairs in rectangular openings with bracketed hoods, although some are set in round-arch openings. Some windows have original cast iron balconies. There are small windows of different shapes in the attic story, including a round-arch window set at the center of the main front-facing facade. A single-story veranda, supported by Corinthian columns, is arrayed around the base of the tower. The interior of the building retains little original styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1857 by Hirim Bushnell, the builder of the Connecticut State Capitol and the Memorial Arch in Bushnell Park. It was built for Albert F. Day, a prominent local merchant whose father was Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. Although its architect is not known, the house bears some resemblance to works of New Haven architect Henry Austin, a champion of the Italianate villa form.</p><br>
<p>The Dillon Building is a historic commercial building located at 69–71 Pratt Street in Downtown Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1899, it is a good local example of Beaux Arts architecture, and its construction exemplified the transition of Pratt Street from a residential to commercial area. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 11, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dillon Building is located roughly midway between Trumbull and Main Streets on the south side of Pratt Street. It is a five-story masonry building, built with brick load-bearing walls, limestone trim, and a wooden frame. It shares party walls with a taller building on the right, and a shorter one on the left. Its front facade is four bays wide, with a single store front flanked by recessed entrances on either side, one providing entry to the store, and the other to the upstairs. The second floor windows are articulated by cast iron pilasters finished to resemble stone, and an entablature and band of dentil stonework separate it from the upper floors. The upper floors are articulate by full-height pilasters, which rise to elaborate brackets at the cornice. Windows on the third and fourth floors are rectangular, while the top floor windows are set in segmental arch openings.</p><br>
<p>Prior to construction of this building, the lot on which it stands was occupied by one half of a two-story brick residential duplex, probably built in the 1840s. Commercial growth in the city during the second half of the 19th century placed development pressure on residential streets like Pratt Street that abutted Main Street. Charles Dillon, a Main Street merchant and milliner, purchased the west side of the duplex in 1898. When the building was completed the following year, it and the neighboring half-duplex epitomized the transition of the street from a residential to commercial area. The probable architect of the building was Isaac A. Allen Jr., who had previously done work for Dillon, and worked in a practice that had previously designed buildings with a similar upper floor plan.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver Creek Ranch Headquarters, in the vicinity of Buffalo in the Powder River Basin in Johnson County, Wyoming, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The ranch has been known as Schoonover Ranch, as Harriet Ranch, and as Iberlin Ranch.</p><br>
<p>The ranch headquarters was then vacant, not in use, and the listing included 10.3 acre with eight contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and two non-contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>Per the NRHP registration, the ranch was deemed notableas a rare and well-preserved example of a twentieth-century western sheep ranching operation in Wyoming as it evolved in the Powder River Basin. The ranch represents traditional Spanish sheep management practices that developed in Wyoming, rather than the English system utilized in the early Atlantic colonies. In Wyoming, large herds of sheep were grazed by individual herders across the public domain rather than in fenced pastures. Because of its proximity to the Bighorn Mountains, the practice of transhumance was incorporated into yearly sheep management. Flocks were trailed into the mountains during the summer months to take advantage of abundant water and forage. During the remainder of the year, herders and their flocks radiated out from Beaver Creek Ranch headquarters in all directions, grazing freely on the public domain, until the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 required permits and grazing fees on public lands. After that date, sheep management practices became more orderly, and sheep were required to graze within predetermined boundaries on the public lands surrounding the ranch. The site is also associated with French Basque ethnic influences dating from 1951, when the ranch was acquired by the Harriet family, who were a part of the larger Basque community that developed around Buffalo in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was bought by John Iberlin, who was also Basque, in 1994, and the ranch buildings were then not occupied, and were fenced off from grazing cattle.</p><br>
<h2>Other Beaver Creek Ranches</h2><br>
<p>Google Maps shows a Beaver Creek Ranch on Napier Road in Gillette (is this the successor ranch headquarters?), at 44.074770&deg;N latitude, 105.905043&deg;W longitude. Note there is at least one other Beaver Creek Ranch in Wyoming, in Weston County.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Berryhill House  is a historic house located at 414 Brown Street in Iowa City, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Charles Berryhill was a Pennsylvania native who moved in Iowa City in 1839. Described as a "merchant, farmer, and speculator," he was a charter member of the local Old Settlers&#39; Association. His house was built over a period of about 15 years. The two-story brick main block is the original portion of the house, built in about 1850. It features a bracketed cornice, decorative window hoods, and columned porches. There are various brick and frame additions that were built onto the back of the house in the succeeding years. There is also a small vernacular stone structure behind the house that is reminiscent of similar structures built in Iowa City in the 1840s and the early 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The William Bostick House is a historic building located at 115 North Gilbert Street in Iowa City, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>William H. Bostick, who built this house in 1851, is credited with constructing the first brick building in the city. The two-story structure is a vernacular high style Greek Revival. The decorative elements were kept to a minimum. It features limestone lintels, a low-pitched hipped roof, an Arts and Crafts style porch with a balustrade of turned spindles, and a simple entablature across the top. The bricks and stonework have long been painted. It is believed the building served as an early city hall here and as a recruitment center for Civil War regiments. While the house has always been on this lot, it was moved to its current location further back on the lot in 1908. The present porch was added at that time.</p><br>
<p>The house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Lawrence Brothers and Company Store  is a historic commercial building in Ophir, Utah, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building is located at East Main Street and was built in 1874. It is a one-and-a-half-story stone commercial building which is 26 x in plan.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin R. Lanter House is a historic house located at 562 West Park Street in Olathe, Kansas.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The two-story, wood-framed house was built in 1901 for Franklin R. Lanter, a lumber and coal merchant. It was designed by architect George P. Washburn in the Queen Anne style, especially Free Classicism. Lanter lived in the house until 1919. It was later converted into apartments, and eventually remodelled as a single-family residence.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 10, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Sandy Pond School is a historic school building at 150 Sandy Pond Road in Ayer, Massachusetts. Built in 1868, it is the only surviving district school building in the town. Now a local museum, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sandy Pond School is located at the northwest corner of the threeway junction of Westford, Sandy Pond, and Willow Streets in eastern Ayer. It is a single-story brick building, with a small shingled wood-frame ell attached. It is covered by a gabled roof, and is oriented facing roughly south. Its main facade is symmetrical, with sash windows flanking the entrance, and another sash window in the gable above. The entrance is recessed under a segmented arch. The interior has tongue-and-groove flooring, beadboard, wainscoting with blackboards and plastering above.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1868, when the area was part of Groton. It served as Groton&#39;s district 11 school until 1871, when Ayer was incorporated. Local parents resisted consolidation of the school into a graded elementary school until 1906, when streetcar service was introduced on Sandy Pond Road. The school was closed in that year, and has been owned by a local nonprofit organization since then. It has housed reunions of school attendees, community meetings, dances, and other social events. The ell was added in the 1910s to provide a kitchen space for these types of events.</p><br>
<p>The American Supply Company Building is a historic industrial building at 1364 Broad Street in Central Falls, Rhode Island. Built in 1876, it was home to a prominent regional manufacturer of loom parts supplied to the area&#39;s textile manufacturers. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. As of 2017, it is vacant and owned by the city, which is considering adaptive reuse for the property.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The American Supply Company Building is located in northern Central Falls, on the west side of Broad Street on the south bank of the Blackstone River. It is across the street from the historic Valley Falls Mill. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, finished in vinyl siding laid over original wooden clapboards. It is covered by a gabled roof with continuous shed-roof dormers. Its western elevation consists of protective plywood, due to the c. 2000 demolition of a large ell. The interior of the building is basically intact, although there is no longer any manufacturing equipment in it. It does retain elements of a late 19th-century freight elevator powered by water or steam.</p><br>
<p>The American Supply Company was founded in 1883 by the merger of three businesses involved in the manufacture of parts for large textile weaving looms. Myron Fish founded one of these companies in Worcester, Massachusetts in the 1860s, and was lured to Central Falls by the offer of manufacturing space in the Valley Falls complex. In 1876, Fish contracted with the Valley Falls Company to lease space across Broad Street for the construction of a dedicated manufacturing space. Fish specialized in manufacturing belts, but also made other parts. He merged in 1883 with John Kendrick, a manufacturer of similar specialty parts for looms, who was based in Providence. The new company was called the American Supply Company. In 1890 it greatly expanded the facility on Broad Street, building an ell that dwarfed the size of the original building; this was demolished about 2000, along with a boiler house and shed that also stood on the property.</p><br>
<p>The American Supply Company was harmed by New England&#39;s decline as a textile center, and closed in 1961. The building was used from 1963 to 1991 by a rug manufacturer, and has been owned by the city or state for most of the time since 1995. As of 2017, the city owns the property and is considering adaptive uses suitable for its riverfront location.</p><br>
<p>The H. Black and Company Building is a historic former factory building located in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. It was commissioned by H. Black and Company, one of the largest manufacturers of women&#39;s clothing in the United States, and designed by noted New York City architect Robert D. Kohn. Completed in 1907, it won national praise for its design. The building was sold in 1928 to the Evangelical Press, and for a short time was known as the Evangelical Press Building. The commercial printing business of the Evangelical Press was spun off as a secular company, Tower Press, in 1934, after which the structure became known as the Tower Press Building. Vacant for much of the 1960s and 1970s, the building had two different owners in the 1980s and was nearly demolished. A new owner took over the building in 2000, after which it underwent an award-winning renovation and restoration. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 24, 2002. The structure now serves as a mixed-use development for low- and moderate-income artists.</p><br>
<h2>Constructing the building</h2><br>
<p>The ready-to-wear clothing industry in the United States grew significantly after the American Civil War. Although Cleveland never had a clothing industry as large as that found in New York City or Chicago, it was one of the largest regional clothing manufacturing centers and the textile industry employed a significant percentage of the citys residents. Clevelands garment industry was originally located in The Flats, but had moved to the Warehouse District by the start of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>H. Black & Co. was one of Clevelands largest garment manufacturing firms. Herman Black was a Hungarian Jew who emigrated to Toledo, Ohio, in 1854. He married 21-year-old Eva Judd, a Polish Jewish émigré, in 1863. Their son, Morris, was born in 1868. The Blacks moved to Cleveland in 1882, and in 1883 Herman founded H. Black & Company. The firm specialized in fine fabrics and ready-to-wear clothing, and became one of the largest coat and suit manufacturers in the world by 1915. The company focused primarily on womens clothing, which was marketed under the named Wooltex. Herman died in 1896. Morris graduated from Harvard in 1890, entered the family business, was named president of the company in 1903, and joined its board of directors in 1905.</p><br>
<p>About 1905, H. Black & Co. decided to move from the Warehouse District to a new location at E. 19th Street and Superior Avenue. At the time, this part of Cleveland was most single-family homes. The company commissioned noted New York City architect Robert D. Kohn to design a modern factory building for the company, making only minimal design requests: First, that the factory embody progressive ideas about worker comfort, and second, that the building&#39;s water tower be freestanding. To assist Kohn in developing ideas for the factory, H. Black & Co. paid for Kohn to tour the United States for a year, visiting existing factories and gathering ideas. The Samuel Austin & Son Company constructed the building, which was completed in the spring of 1907.</p><br>
<h3>About the building</h3><br>
<p>The Mission Revival, H. Black & Company factory was 283 ft wide. The two-story central wing, was covered in red tile and pierced by sawtooth skylights.</p><br>
<p>The structure had 130,680 ft&sup2; of interior space. Each floor of the wings contained large dining, locker, and work rooms. Each of the main work rooms on the ground floor could accommodate 500 people, with another 200 workers scattered in other parts of the building. The walls and ceiling of the workrooms were white plaster, and the upper floors supported by concrete columns painted white. Two workmen were paid $60 ($ in dollars) to stencil a two-color, geometric "weaving" pattern onto the upper parts of the columns and the transverse beams. Elsewhere in the building, small blue and green tiles with a geometric design were mortared to the interior walls near the cornice line. To provide the maximum space for manufacturing, staircases were placed along the firewalls, and numerous foul air exhaust and fresh air intake fans pierced the walls and ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The building had a pressurized sprinkler fire suppression system. To provide pressure for this system, a five-story, 130 ft, freestanding water tank was built at the rear of the central wing inside a brick and stucco tower. The ground floor of the tower contained a shipping room and toilet, while the second floor contained a storage room. Stucco panels adorned the sides of the tower, into which were set decorative colored tiles. A false balcony and parapet was added below the roof of the tower. Square below the balcony, the tower was octagonal above and a turret occupied the southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The H. Black Building was widely praised nationally for creating a comfortable as well as beautiful workplace. Architectural critic A.A. Kalish in 1924 called it "one of the most attractive factory buildings in America". The building&#39;s distinctive tower won special praise. Architect A.A. Pollard lauded its bold use of color and the use of bright stucco panels against the dark brick where the plain, broader masses of the tower needed adornment. He also praised the way the architectural lines of the upper tower were emphasized.</p><br>
<p>In November 1913, H. Black & Co. purchased a lot 250 ft deep to its south. This parcel, which fronted on both E. 19th and E. 21st Streets, was intended for the plant&#39;s expansion.</p><br>
<h2>History of the building</h2><br>
<h3>Evangelical Press Building</h3><br>
<p>The Post–World War I recession of August 1918 to March 1919 and the Depression of 1920 to 1921 created significant economic distress for H. Black & Co. It merged with two other large local clothing manufacturers, the Printz-Biederman Co. and the M.T. Silver Co., in November 1922. The merged company closed the Superior Avenue factory. The city of Cleveland purchased the rear parcel (no addition was built there) in July 1924, and the May Co. purchased the plant itself the following September.</p><br>
<p>In February 1928, the Evangelical Association, a small Arminian Methodist denomination based in the Midwestern United States, purchased the empty H. Black & Co. factory from the May Co. for an undisclosed price. The denomination extensively renovated the plant, painting over much of the interior stencil and tile work and partitioning many of the larger rooms into offices. This left the building with just 114,000 ft&sup2; of interior space. The denomination moved its headquarters into the building on October 2, 1928. Taking up a large portion of the former workroom space was the Evangelical Press, the religious publishing arm of the Evangelical Association.</p><br>
<p>The renovated building now became known as the Evangelical Press Building.</p><br>
<h3>Tower Press Building</h3><br>
<p>Between 1928 and 1934, the Evangelical Press began taking on secular print work. By 1934, this had become the majority of the presss income. At about the same time, the Evangelical Association decided to move its headquarters to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In October 1934, the Evangelical Press spun off its secular printing business as Tower Press, which was sold to the Evangelical Presss general manager, Charles J. Theuer. The Superior Avenue building was also sold to Tower Press, while the Evangelical Press followed its owner to Pennsylvania. The secular printing company took its name from the building&#39;s large water tower.</p><br>
<p>The building now became known as the Tower Press Building. Tower Press, like its predecessor, occupied only a portion of the structure, and over the next roughly 40 years a variety of tenants, such as an engineering firm, advertising agency, thermostat manufacturer, furniture store, and college took space in the rest of the building. In 1959, the Better Bedding Co. moved into the first floor.</p><br>
<p>In July 1963, A.S. Gilman and Tower Press, by then Cleveland&#39;s two largest printing companies, merged. Tower Press vacated its namesake building, although the merged company continued to own the structure. In 1971, the Nicole Corp., a manufacturer of lamp shades, rented the top two floors of the Tower Press Building.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership changes and stalled developments of the 1980s and 1990s</h3><br>
<p>Some time in the late 1970s, real estate development company Weston Limited, owned brothers Edward J. and Anthony J. Asher, bought the Tower Press Building. Although much of the building had been empty in the 1960s and 1970s, the Ashers sought to rejuvenate the building by offering space at low rents to small businesses and artists. By December 1981, it had become "a beehive of shops".</p><br>
<p>In 1986, Weston Limited declined to renew the leases of its tenants. The company said it hoped to either renovate or sell the building, but neither happened and the building sat empty.</p><br>
<p>In December 1990, the Tower Press Building was purchased by a new company, Tower Press Building Inc., for about $1.2 million ($ in dollars). A joint partnership of local attorneys Murray Bilfield, Robert Meyers, and Martin L. Sandel, the company hoped to sell the eastern third of the building for $600,000 ($ in dollars). The firm hoped to use these funds to redevelop the decrepit western two-thirds of the building into offices. By 1993, however, no renovation had occurred, despite the sale of the eastern portion of the structure to local silkscreen printing company owner Dan Gray. The city of Cleveland now began entering into negotiations to turn the rear parcel on the block (which it had purchased back in 1924 and turned into a parking lot) over to the developers to help push the renovation forward.</p><br>
<p>The parking lot transfer never happened. The Cleveland Division of Building and Housing then ordered the developers to either bring the building up to code or demolish it. The partners chose demolition. Then the Cleveland Landmarks Commission voted unanimously on June 8, 1994, to place a six-month bar on any demolition work (a ban which could be extended to 12 months, but no further). The angry developers sued the city, arguing the city had breached a contract to sell the parking lot to them and had undermined their renovation project by failing to maintain and repair the adjacent Cuyahoga County Criminal Courts Building. The city rejected the claim that any agreement had been reached. On October 20, 1994, the Landmarks Commission unanimously reversed itself to allow the demolition to go forward. The developers put off the demolition after filing a $5 million ($ in dollars) lawsuit in federal court against the city for losses incurred during the previous four years.</p><br>
<p>With the federal lawsuit holding demolition in abeyance, the building began to draw interest from other investors. In August 1996, the local news media reported that the city was seeking to expand the Chinatown district along Superior Avenue to encompass the Tower Press Building. Yuchai Machinery Corp., an engine manufacturer and real estate developer based in China, expressed interest in buying the structure. Yuchai informed the city in September 1997 that it was no longer interested in the structure in September 1997.</p><br>
<p>By 1999, the freeze-thaw cycle had taken such a toll on the Tower Press Building that architects worried it could not last more than two more years without extensive renovation and conservation.</p><br>
<p>In October 1999, ArtSpace Projects, a Minneapolis-based developer of artist loft apartments, expressed its interest in the Tower Press Building. The company tentatively agreed to purchase the building for $1 million ($ in dollars) and spend $6.2 million ($ in dollars) creating 47 studio/apartments and ground-floor retail space in the structure. The deal was contingent on ArtSpace winning $2.2 million ($ in dollars) in state low-income tax credits and $870,000 ($ in dollars) in federal historic preservation tax credits. ArtSpace said it needed to win the credits immediately so that it could replace the roof by winter. When certain aspects of the project fell through in late May 2000, ArtSpace backed out of the purchase.</p><br>
<h2>2000 to 2003 renovation</h2><br>
<p>Nine days after ArtSpace canceled its purchase agreement, the Cleveland-based Charge Development Co. expressed its interest in the building. Brothers David and Doug Perkowski, co-owners of Charge Development, proposed remodeling the building into 89 loft apartments, with about 20 percent of these set aside for low-income individuals. The city of Cleveland approved on June 22, 2000, a $2 million ($ in dollars) low-interest loan and a 12-year tax abatement program for the renovation. The building&#39;s four owners agreed to sell the structure to Charge Development for $750,000 ($ in dollars) in late November. Charge Development created a subsidiary, Tower Press Ltd., to develop the building.</p><br>
<p>The renovation began in February 2001. The building was by then in such bad shape that the roof was close to collapse. It fell in during the renovation, and had to be replaced.</p><br>
<p>Two significant delays occurred early in the renovation. The first delay in the renovation occurred in spring 2001. Work on the demolition halted in March</p><br>
<p>The unresolved unionization issue continued to trouble the project. Local 310 of the Laborers&#39; International Union of North America, threatened to picket the project if work resumed, and filed a lawsuit against the city claiming the loan and grant had been made unlawfully. When work resumed in August, Local 310, the Cleveland chapter of the AFL–CIO, and Jobs with Justice (a union advocacy group) began picketing. The picketing went on for about two weeks, and allegedly some picketers threw rocks at and spit on nonunion workers. Tower Press Ltd. won a temporary restraining order barring picketing on September 10, although this was lifted five days later when union officials agreed to enforce peaceful behavior among their members. Picketing lasted periodically until the renovation was complete.</p><br>
<p>The Tower Press Building opened in March 2003. The total cost of the renovation was $10 million ($ in dollars).</p><br>
<h3>Renovation awards</h3><br>
<p>The renovation of the Tower Press Building won two awards. In July 2003, the Cleveland Restoration Society bestowed one of its 2003 Preservation Awards on Charge Development and Sandvick Architects, and in February 2004 the Downtown Cleveland Partnership, a nonprofit economic development agency, awarded Charge Development one of its Ruth Ratner Miller Award for helping to promote and improve downtown Cleveland.</p><br>
<h3>Post-renovation history</h3><br>
<p>The Tower Press Building contained 8,000 ft&sup2; of ground-floor retail space. The first major retail tenant was Artefino, a coffeehouse and art gallery owned by noted Cleveland artist Hector Vega. Vega announced his intent in December 2001, and the café opened in June 2004. Fifteen months after its opening, the building&#39;s retail space was 95 percent leased and included a catalogue business, a communications firm, and an educational firm offering computer training. In February 2007, the improvisational comedy group Something Dada announced its performance space was moving to the Wooltex Room in the Tower Press Building.</p><br>
<p>City and development officials had hoped that the Tower Press Building renovation would spark a redevelopment renaissance in the Campus District of Cleveland. By 2013, however, little development had emerged. David Perkowski (now doing business as Tower Press Development Co.) purchased the M.T. Silver Building at 2320 Superior Avenue for $675,000 in 2007, and the Bloch Building at 2310 Superior Avenue for $675,000 in 2013. City anticipated that these redevelopments, as well as Cleveland State University&#39;s transformation from a commuter school into a residential campus, would spark new housing redevelopment in the area.</p><br>
<h3>About the renovated building</h3><br>
<p>The 2000–2003 renovation of the Tower Press Building was designed by architect Julie Kotapish of Sandvick Architects, a Cleveland firm.</p><br>
<p>The renovation retained the structure&#39;s Mission Revival architectural style. Although the red tile roof collapsed during the renovation, it was replaced with nearly identical red clay tile.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the renovated building features exposed brick walls and post-and-beam construction, open ceilings, and visible ductwork. The water tower was converted into a single, five-level apartment. The three upper floors are uninsulated and for warm-weather use only. As a historic structure, the building lacks an elevator and fire stairs.</p><br>
<p>Although original plans called for 89 units, the completed renovated building contains 80 lofts and apartments on its second and third floors. Many larger apartments feature studio space. The buildings original design as a factory was incorporated into the layout of the apartments, and each apartments floor plan is unique.</p><br>
<p>The developers had hoped to renovate the ground floor into 10,000 ft&sup2; of retail space, but the completed structure has just 10,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Building amenities originally included a fitness center, laundry, and a secure surface parking lot. The building was one of the first renovations in Cleveland to feature high-speed Internet in every unit.</p><br>
<p>The Reddick Hotel-Ophir LDS Meetinghouse in Ophir, Utah, also known as Reddick Boarding House and as Howard&#39;s Shop, was built in 1903–1904. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>According to its NRHP nomination, it was deemed significant "as one of only two frame commercial buildings associated with the town’s efforts to transform from a boom-&-bust mining camp to a more stable community. Between 1903 and 1924, the Reddick Hotel made important contributions to the community as one of two hotel/boarding houses in operation. The Reddick Hotel was a rare woman owned business in the mining town. The building is particularly associated with a single event: the murder of Mary Reddick by her husband and his subsequent suicide in 1916."</p><br>
<p>The US Army Supply Base in New Orleans is a former military supply depot that was established in 1919. It served the United States military installations in the Gulf Coast of the United States through two world wars, and up through 2005 when it was closed and sold to the city of New Orleans.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>Robert F. Broussard, United States Senator from Louisiana, urged Quartermaster General of the United States Army Henry Granville Sharpe to consider New Orleans as a location for a new supply depot to equip Gulf Coast military regiments that had formed in response to the 1917 outbreak of World War I. Construction was completed in 1919, making it one of thirteen Army supply depots in the United States as of that date. It served military installations in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas and the Panama Canal Zone.</p><br>
<h2>Base closing</h2><br>
<p>When the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission took effect, military units moved elsewhere, and the base was closed September 15, 2011, and sold to the City of New Orleans. Concern about the future of the historic structures that were no longer under Federal jurisdiction led to a Programmatic Agreement (PA) as a means of oversight.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places listing</h2><br>
<p>It was listed on the NRHP Orleans Parish, Louisiana on February 1, 2016. There are nine contributing resources. Of those, three original warehouses were used as storage for military supplies and munitions from 1918 through 1945. In between wars, the storage space was rented out to commercial entities. The other six contributing resources are the recreation pavilion/service station, switching building, cargo ramp, and three water tanks. The fence, main switchgear and electric substation are non-contributing objects. Additional non-contributing structures include a gazebo, canopy, hazardous waste container, transformer house, and several pedestrian bridges. Non-contributing buildings include a corrugated metal shed, parking access ramp, racquetball facility, gas station, pass and tag building, and several sentry buildings and gates.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<h2>Resources</h2><br>
<p>With 95 photos from 2011, 2012, and 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Wilbur D. and Hattie Cannon House  is a historic house located at 320 Melrose Avenue in Iowa City, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Wilbur Cannon is a member of one of the early families who settled Johnson County. He had this two-story, brick Italianate house built in 1884 in an area west of the Iowa River known as West Lucas. It was home to farmsteads and country estates that were located within a mile or two of the downtown area. As the city expanded, it absorbed these estates and the houses, such as this one, became city residences. The house follows an asymmetrical plan and includes typical Italianate features such as its window and door treatments, the heavy cornice, and the double brackets under the eaves.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Edward P. Ferry House is a private house located at 514 Lafayette Street in Grand Haven, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was constructed in 1871 or 1871-72 by or for Phillip Wooley, about whom little is known. However, Wooley apparently never lived in the house, as he sold it to Edward Payson Ferry in June 1872. Ferry was born in 1837 in Grand Haven, the son of Rev. William M. Ferry, who participated in the platting of Grand Haven and was one of its first settlers. William Ferry was involved in a range of Grand Haven enterprises, including stores, banking, shipping, shipbuilding, land speculation, and lumbering. William&#39;s sons, including Edward, were often partners in his ventures. Specifically, William and Edward Ferry partnered with George E. Dowling to found Ferry, Dowling & Co. This firm platted the nearby village of Montague, Michigan in 1865; the town became a bustling lumbering center in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>After the elder Ferrys death in 1867, Edward Ferry inherited shares in his fathers businesses, including the lumbering business of Ferry & Son managed by Edwards brother (and later US Senator) Thomas W. Ferry. Edward Ferry continued as one of Grand Havens most prominent businessmen through the 1870s and into the 1880s. In the mid-1880s, as the lumber business sagged, Ferry moved from this house to Wisconsin, and later to Park City, Utah to take up silver mining. Ferry sold the house in Grand Haven in 1885.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Edward P. Ferry House is a narrow-front two-story Italianate structure with a hip roof on a brick foundation. The exterior has fanciful, Italian-inspired detailing about the main cornice, the west-side bay window, and the doorway and window openings. These details were likely added by Ferry some time after the house was constructed. The windows have round heads, and the front entrance is a double door arrangement with large panels of frosted glass in each door.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the first floor is a side hall plan, with a high-ceilinged stair hall in the corner. Off the side hall are a front parlor and a dining room. Both rooms have plaster ceilings with heavy molded cornices and a central rectangular panel and marble mantlepieces.</p><br>
